The connection between science and business is not always obvious, but it is crucial for innovation and progress. Science provides the knowledge and methods to discover new possibilities, while business provides the resources and incentives to turn them into reality. Together, they can create solutions for the challenges of today and tomorrow.

However, the connection between science and business is not always smooth or easy. There are many barriers and gaps that hinder the collaboration and communication between scientists and entrepreneurs. For example, they may have different goals, values, languages, cultures, or expectations. They may also face legal, ethical, or social issues that complicate their work.

Therefore, it is important to foster a culture of mutual understanding and respect between science and business. This can be done by creating platforms and networks that facilitate the exchange of ideas and information, by providing training and education that enhance the skills and competencies of both parties and by promoting a shared vision and mission that align their interests and values.

One way to illustrate the connection between science and business is to look at some examples of successful partnerships that have emerged in recent years. For instance, the collaboration between IBM and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard has led to the development of new tools and methods for genomic research and precision medicine. Another example is the partnership between Google and NASA, which has enabled the exploration of quantum computing and artificial intelligence. These are just some of the many examples that show how science and business can work together for the common good.

In conclusion, the connection between science and business is vital for the advancement of science and technology, as well as for the benefit of society and the environment. By overcoming the challenges and leveraging the opportunities that arise from this connection, we can create a better future for ourselves and for generations to come. With that being said, here are some scientific/business facts and observations to ponder over.

To produce knowledge using the scientific method you need to:

1. Observe the world around you.

2. Ask a question about what you see.

3. Construct a hypothesis that could answer your question.

4. Think of a way to test your hypothesis.

5. Run experiments to see if your hypothesis’s prediction was correct.

6. Draw a conclusion from your experiments.

7. Communicate your results.

8. Refine, alter, or reject your hypothesis.

Now the scientific method can produce wrong knowledge, BUT this is still our best technology for uncovering, verifying, and refining correct knowledge because the scientific method allows us to make wrong knowledge gradually more correct.

Beavers excrete a substance called castoreum (this name came about because people thought male beavers bit off their own testicles, therefore castrating themselves. Not true) to mark their territory. Castoreum contains salicin, which is an anti-inflammatory agent in humans, and it can also be used as an analgesic. Castoreum also happens to smell like vanilla-and because of this very reason beaver juice was first added to mass-produced food in the 20th century under the phrase “natural flavoring.”

Beavers used to be the size of bears! (in North America; they died out (the bear-sized ones) around 10,000 BCE (Before the Common Era).

Which came first, the chicken or the egg? There’s a clear answer: The egg came first, as eggs evolved in other animals millions of years before chickens ever appeared. The first chicken egg also came first. Inside the first chicken egg was a zygote with a mutation that made it the first chicken. This particular egg was laid by a proto-chicken, which in turn descended from dinosaurs. It kind of makes you look at a chicken with new respect, doesn’t it?

How to Broadly Classify Trees

Hardwood generally comes from slow-growing trees with broad leaves. Some examples: 

Oak

Maple

Walnut

Softwood generally comes from fast-growing evergreen trees with needles, cones, and sap. Some examples are:

Spruce

Pine

Cedar

Hollow drinking vessels, first produced in the 1500s CE (Common Era) are now so synonymous with glass that if you’re thirsty, you’ll ask for “a glass of water.”

The wheel was actually invented for the purpose of spinning clay into various bowl shapes.

The idea of washing hands with soap and water was first proposed by Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis in 1847 CE. While working at two maternity clinics, one with midwife students, and the other with medical students who performed autopsies before assisting in births, all while never washing their hands. As a result, the med clinic mothers became stricken with severe vaginal infections, causing death, as much as 30 percent (5 percent at the midwife clinic). Dr. Semmelweis thereupon introduced a hand-washing routine (death rates dropped to 1 percent at both clinics). Unfortunately, at the time, disease causes were considered unique to each patient, and there was the prevailing notion that disease could be prevented simply by washing hands totally extreme. Dr. Semmelweis was therefore dismissed from the two clinics. The doctor wrote letters to other doctors advocating his hand-washing routine; when that failed, he wrote new letters denouncing them as murderers. For his efforts, the doctor was committed to an insane asylum in 1865, then died 14 days later from an infected wound he contracted after being beaten by guards. Dr. Semmelweis’s hands-washing idea didn’t gain acceptance until twenty years after he died. Today, the way humans can quickly and almost reflexively reject information that contradicts their established beliefs (does this sound familiar regarding current times?) is called the Semmelweis reflex.

There are many diseases that were much more deadly in the past than today (the more severe strains tend to kill their hosts before they can spread and therefore die out, leaving only the less-fatal strains to survive). For example, when syphilis first appeared, the entire human body became covered in pustules, then flesh would fall from the face.

Birthing forceps are a pair of detachable tongs with curved edges that can grab things inside the body. They’re particularly useful during a difficult or obstructed birth; the curved edges can be positioned around a baby’s head, used to rotate, and then gently remove a baby from the birth canal. Birthing forceps were invented in the 1500s CE BUT were kept secret for generations, over 150 years (!) because the family of the inventor (the men) wanted to personally profit and bring the entire midwife profession under their control. What was publicly known was that the Chamberlen family had a secret device that could help in childbirth. The Chamberlen men would bring the forceps into birthing rooms in a sealed box, kicking everyone out of the room except for the mother, who was even blindfolded. But once the secret leaked (because eventually, it did), forceps were commonly used and a standard until cesarean sections became safer in the 1900s CE. 

Movable type existed in China around 1040 CE, but it really took off when the technology reached Europe a few centuries later, due to another innovation: the alphabet. No printer would have only 26 different characters, however; printers would store multiple copies of each character in compartmentalized wooden boxes-“type cases“-where they would be kept alongside punctuation, spaces, and other characters. Capital letters would traditionally be stored in a separate case on the top: the origin of calling them “uppercase” and “lowercase” letters.

A shade of yellow called “Indian yellow” was once made by feeding cows only mango leaves. They became so malnourished their urine turned a bright yellow.

A favorite shade in 1600s Europe was called “mummy brown.” It was made by grinding up ancient mummies (feline and human) to paint with their remains.

The color purple’s long association with royalty also originates in purple pigments being extremely expensive; at certain points in time, some were worth their weight in silver.

For many years, Europe, India, and China used the miasma theory; the idea that disease is caused and carried by bad smells. For example, in London after the city’s cholera epidemics and the “Great Stink” of 1858 (warm weather caused the untreated human waste floating in the Thames to smell even worse than usual. The city’s existing waste disposal system consisted of everyone just “dumping” their pee and poop into the streets or nearby cesspools). The city decided to invest in sewers to move the smelly water away from the city. This was to be a marked improvement; not only were the smells reduced or totally gotten rid of, but people’s health vastly improved. It was only after the sewer was completed that people realized the smells didn’t carry disease, germs did. London’s dramatic and very expensive sewer system is still in use today (certainly hope so!) was actually constructed for the wrong reasons and just so happened to improve public health by accident.

In August 1767, one of the earliest efforts of CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) was “The Society of the Recovery of Drowned Persons,” founded by citizens in Amsterdam, Holland/The Netherlands. The group experimented with various techniques to help drowned people recover. These included:

Warming the victim

Positioning the head lower than the feet to remove water

Tickling the victim’s throat

Using bellows to force tobacco smoke into the victim’s anus (is this where the saying “blowing smoke up my butt” originates? Please Note: I just looked this up and it seems that the phrase may have started in the mid-1960s and has no connection to the abovementioned former medical practice. Oh well).

Bloodletting

Blowing into the victim’s mouth

Even today, cello, harp, and violin players will still choose to use strings made from sheep intestines. Say it isn’t so!

Source: “How to Invent Everything: A Survival Guide for the Stranded Time Traveler” by Ryan North, 2018